Geology and properties of limestone - Revision history

Klmos: /* Properties of the limestone at Akacievej (Hedehusene, Denmark) */

2019-07-03T13:09:37Z

‎Properties of the limestone at Akacievej (Hedehusene, Denmark)

Klmos: /* Geology and hydrogeology */

2019-07-03T13:07:55Z

‎Geology and hydrogeology

Klmos at 12:15, 24 April 2019

2019-04-24T12:15:44Z

Klmos: Added links to reports (also in literature refs)

2019-04-24T12:09:45Z

Added links to reports (also in literature refs)

Klmos: /* Properties of the limestone at Akacievej (Hedehusene, Denmark) */ upright subscripts

2019-04-24T11:42:01Z

‎Properties of the limestone at Akacievej (Hedehusene, Denmark): upright subscripts

Klmos: /* Properties of the limestone at Akacievej (Hedehusene, Denmark) */ small coprr

2019-04-10T15:53:29Z

‎Properties of the limestone at Akacievej (Hedehusene, Denmark): small coprr

Klmos: /* Properties of the limestone at Akacievej (Hedehusene, eastern Denmark) */

2019-04-10T15:47:47Z

‎Properties of the limestone at Akacievej (Hedehusene, eastern Denmark)

Klmos: /* Properties of the limestone at Akacievej (Hedehusene, eastern Denmark) */

2019-04-10T15:47:17Z

‎Properties of the limestone at Akacievej (Hedehusene, eastern Denmark)

Klmos at 15:46, 10 April 2019

2019-04-10T15:46:34Z

Klmos: /* Properties of the limestone at Akacievej */

2018-02-19T13:11:53Z

‎Properties of the limestone at Akacievej

@@ Line 62: / Line 62: @@
 | <math> B </math> || <math> 20 - 25\ \text{m} </math> || aquifer thickness || flow logs
 |-
-| <math> D_\text{m} </math> || <math> 7.5\cdot 10^{-7} \text{m}^2/\text{s} </math> || effective diffusivity of bromide || modeling of tracer test, includes effect of neglected fractures and stagnant flow zones
+| <math> D_\text{m} </math> || <math> 7.5\cdot 10^{-7} \text{m}^2/\text{s} </math> || (augmented) effective diffusivity of bromide || modeling of tracer test, includes effect of neglected fractures and stagnant flow zones
 |-
 | <math> k_\text{d} </math> || <math> 0.5-1.0\ \text{L/kg} </math> || sorption coefficient for PCE on limestone || sorption tests in lab <ref name="Salzer2013" />

@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 == Geology and hydrogeology ==
 In eastern Denmark, glacial Quaternary deposits (clayey till, sand) are usually on top of limestone aquifers.
-The uppermost limestone layer is typically a calcarenitic limestone (also called Københavns Kalk), followed by a bryozoan limestone.
+The uppermost limestone layer is typically a calcarenitic limestone (also called Københavns Kalk), followed by bryozoan limestone.
 The calcarenitic  limestone is rather evenly and horizontally layered and may contain flint layers and nodules.
 The bryozoan limestone typically shows bank structures and few to no flint inclusions.
@@ Line 34: / Line 34: @@
 Different kinds of fractures can be distinguished: horizontal fractures, which are often caused by decompression (related to glacial activity), and vertical/subvertical fractures, typically caused by tectonic activities.
-Especially the vertical and subvertical fractures can influence the anisotropic behavior of limestone aquifers, because the dominating flow is guided through the fractures.
+Fractures can influence the anisotropic behavior of limestone aquifers, because the groundwater flow is guided through the fractures.
 Due to that, it is possible that the main flow direction differs from the overall hydraulic head gradient, and the direction of the major fractures has to be considered.
 The orientation of the vertical fractures is, as a rule of thumb, often aligned with major faults in the area <ref name="GeoGeus2014" />.
-Limestone has a relatively high porosity (between 7 and 46 Vol.-% were observed at the Akacievej site <ref name="Broholm2016"> Broholm et al. (2016a), ''[[:Media:Sammenligning_af_niveauspecifikke_prøvetagningsmetoder.pdf|Sammenligning af niveauspecifikke prøvetagningsmetoder for vurdering af koncentrationsfordeling i kalkmagasin]]'' (in Danish). Technical University of Denmark, DTU Environment</ref>), whereas the fracture porosity is comparably low (0.5 to 2 Vol.-%).
+Limestone has a relatively high matrix porosity (between 7 and 46 Vol.-% were observed at the Akacievej site <ref name="Broholm2016"> Broholm et al. (2016a), ''[[:Media:Sammenligning_af_niveauspecifikke_prøvetagningsmetoder.pdf|Sammenligning af niveauspecifikke prøvetagningsmetoder for vurdering af koncentrationsfordeling i kalkmagasin]]'' (in Danish). Technical University of Denmark, DTU Environment</ref>). The porosity of the fracture system (volume fraction of the fractures), where groundwater flow and advective transport often mainly take place, is comparably low (0.5 to 2 Vol.-%).
 == Properties of the limestone at Akacievej (Hedehusene, Denmark)==

@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 |}
-[[File:GeologicSequenceGEUS2014.png|thumb|25em|Fig. 1: Geologic sequence in eastern Denmark. From: Galsgaard et al. (2014).]]
+[[File:GeologicSequenceGEUS2014.png|thumb|25em|Fig. 1: Geologic sequence in eastern Denmark. From: Galsgaard et al. (2014)<ref name="GeoGeus2014" />.]]
 [[File:BoreholeCores.png|thumb|25em|Fig. 2: Borehole cores from the Akacievej field site with flint inclusions and fractures. Note that some of the fractures and crushing that can be seen in Figure 2 are caused by the drilling.]]
@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 The calcarenitic  limestone is rather evenly and horizontally layered and may contain flint layers and nodules.
 The bryozoan limestone typically shows bank structures and few to no flint inclusions.
-A good description of the geologic stratification in the greater Copenhagen area is given in the [[:Media:Stroemning_og_stoftransport_i_kalklagene_pa_den_koebenhavnske_vestegn.pdf| Report by GEO and GEUS ]] <ref name="GeoGeus2014"> Galsgaard et al. (2014), ''[[:Media:Stroemning_og_stoftransport_i_kalklagene_pa_den_koebenhavnske_vestegn.pdf| Strømning og stoftransport i kalklagene på den københavnske vestegn]]'' (in Danish).</ref>).
+A good description of the geologic stratification in the greater Copenhagen area is given in the Report by GEO and GEUS <ref name="GeoGeus2014"> Galsgaard et al. (2014), ''[[:Media:Stroemning_og_stoftransport_i_kalklagene_pa_den_koebenhavnske_vestegn.pdf| Strømning og stoftransport i kalklagene på den københavnske vestegn]]'' (in Danish).</ref>.
 Figure 1 shows the typical krono-, bio- and lithostratigraphy in eastern Zealand (Denmark) and in the Øresundsregion.

@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 |}
-[[File:GeologicSequenceGEUS2014.png|thumb|25em|Fig. 1: Geologic sequence in eastern Denmark. From: GEO and GEUS (2014).]]
+[[File:GeologicSequenceGEUS2014.png|thumb|25em|Fig. 1: Geologic sequence in eastern Denmark. From: Galsgaard et al. (2014).]]
 [[File:BoreholeCores.png|thumb|25em|Fig. 2: Borehole cores from the Akacievej field site with flint inclusions and fractures. Note that some of the fractures and crushing that can be seen in Figure 2 are caused by the drilling.]]
@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 The calcarenitic  limestone is rather evenly and horizontally layered and may contain flint layers and nodules.
 The bryozoan limestone typically shows bank structures and few to no flint inclusions.
-A good description of the geologic stratification in the greater Copenhagen area is given in the Report by GEO and GEUS <ref name="GeoGeus2014"> GEO & GEUS (2014), ''Strømning og stoftransport i kalklagene på den københavnske vestegn. Geologisk og hydrologisk vidensopsamling og typemodel.''</ref> (in Danish).
+A good description of the geologic stratification in the greater Copenhagen area is given in the [[:Media:Stroemning_og_stoftransport_i_kalklagene_pa_den_koebenhavnske_vestegn.pdf| Report by GEO and GEUS ]] <ref name="GeoGeus2014"> Galsgaard et al. (2014), ''[[:Media:Stroemning_og_stoftransport_i_kalklagene_pa_den_koebenhavnske_vestegn.pdf| Strømning og stoftransport i kalklagene på den københavnske vestegn]]'' (in Danish).</ref>).
 Figure 1 shows the typical krono-, bio- and lithostratigraphy in eastern Zealand (Denmark) and in the Øresundsregion.
@@ Line 37: / Line 37: @@
 Due to that, it is possible that the main flow direction differs from the overall hydraulic head gradient, and the direction of the major fractures has to be considered.
 The orientation of the vertical fractures is, as a rule of thumb, often aligned with major faults in the area <ref name="GeoGeus2014" />.
-Limestone has a relatively high porosity (between 7 and 46 Vol.-% were observed at the Akacievej site <ref name="Broholm2016"> Broholm et al. (2016a), ''Sammenligning af niveauspecifikke prøvetagningsmetoder for vurdering af knocentrationsfordeling i kalkmagasin: Akacievej, Hedehusene.'' Technical University of Denmark, DTU Environment</ref>), whereas the fracture porosity is comparably low (0.5-2 Vol.-%).
+Limestone has a relatively high porosity (between 7 and 46 Vol.-% were observed at the Akacievej site <ref name="Broholm2016"> Broholm et al. (2016a), ''[[:Media:Sammenligning_af_niveauspecifikke_prøvetagningsmetoder.pdf|Sammenligning af niveauspecifikke prøvetagningsmetoder for vurdering af koncentrationsfordeling i kalkmagasin]]'' (in Danish). Technical University of Denmark, DTU Environment</ref>), whereas the fracture porosity is comparably low (0.5 to 2 Vol.-%).
 == Properties of the limestone at Akacievej (Hedehusene, Denmark)==

@@ Line 50: / Line 50: @@
 ! Parameter !! Value !! Comment !! Determination method
 |-
-| <math> K_{crushed} </math> || <math> 5\cdot 10^{-4}\ \text{m/s} </math>|| crushed limestone (bulk) conductivity || slug tests, data from remedial well
+| <math> K_\text{crushed} </math> || <math> 5\cdot 10^{-4}\ \text{m/s} </math>|| crushed limestone (bulk) conductivity || slug tests, data from remedial well
 |-
-| <math> K_{matrix} </math> || <math> 10^{-6} - 5\cdot 10^{-11}\ \text{m/s} </math> || matrix conductivity || permeameter tests on subcores, pumping test
+| <math> K_\text{matrix} </math> || <math> 10^{-6} - 5\cdot 10^{-11}\ \text{m/s} </math> || matrix conductivity || permeameter tests on subcores, pumping test
 |-
-| <math> K_{fractures} </math> || <math> 0.6 - 5.4\ \text{m/s} </math> || fracture conductivity || determined from hydraulic fracture aperture with the cubic law
+| <math> K_\text{fractures} </math> || <math> 0.6 - 5.4\ \text{m/s} </math> || fracture conductivity || determined from hydraulic fracture aperture with the cubic law
 |-
 | <math> Ap </math> || <math> 1 - 3\ \text{mm} </math> || typical hydraulic aperture of major horizontal fracture || pumping test, packer test
 |-
-| <math> n_{matrix} </math> || <math> 0.07 - 0.46 </math> || matrix porosity || porosimeter tests on subcores, pumping test
+| <math> n_\text{matrix} </math> || <math> 0.07 - 0.46 </math> || matrix porosity || porosimeter tests on subcores, pumping test
 |-
 | <math> B </math> || <math> 20 - 25\ \text{m} </math> || aquifer thickness || flow logs
 |-
-| <math> D_m </math> || <math> 7.5\cdot 10^{-7} \text{m}^2/\text{s} </math> || effective diffusivity of bromide || modeling of tracer test, includes effect of neglected fractures and stagnant flow zones
+| <math> D_\text{m} </math> || <math> 7.5\cdot 10^{-7} \text{m}^2/\text{s} </math> || effective diffusivity of bromide || modeling of tracer test, includes effect of neglected fractures and stagnant flow zones
 |-
-| <math> k_d </math> || <math> 0.5-1.0\ \text{L/kg} </math> || sorption coefficient for PCE on limestone || sorption tests in lab <ref name="Salzer2013" />
+| <math> k_\text{d} </math> || <math> 0.5-1.0\ \text{L/kg} </math> || sorption coefficient for PCE on limestone || sorption tests in lab <ref name="Salzer2013" />
 |}

@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 Limestone has a relatively high porosity (between 7 and 46 Vol.-% were observed at the Akacievej site <ref name="Broholm2016"> Broholm et al. (2016a), ''Sammenligning af niveauspecifikke prøvetagningsmetoder for vurdering af knocentrationsfordeling i kalkmagasin: Akacievej, Hedehusene.'' Technical University of Denmark, DTU Environment</ref>), whereas the fracture porosity is comparably low (0.5-2 Vol.-%).
-== Properties of the limestone at Akacievej (Hedehusene, eastern Denmark)==
+== Properties of the limestone at Akacievej (Hedehusene, Denmark)==
-The local geology at the Akacievej site in Hedehusene (Denmark) is described [[The Akacievej field site|here]].
+The local geology at the Akacievej site in Hedehusene (eastern Denmark) is described [[The Akacievej field site|here]].
 Based on a set of different measurements and modeling interpretations, hydraulic parameters and transport parameters were determined for the Akacievej site.
 The employed field methods are described in the Chapters [[ Data acquisition | '''Data acquisition and field methods''' ]] and [[ Transport parameters and contaminant data | '''Determination of transport parameters and contaminant data''']].

@@ Line 54: / Line 54: @@
 | <math> K_{matrix} </math> || <math> 10^{-6} - 5\cdot 10^{-11}\ \text{m/s} </math> || matrix conductivity || permeameter tests on subcores, pumping test
 |-
-| <math> K_{fractures} </math> || <math> 0.6 - 5.4\ \text{m/s} </math> || matrix conductivity || permeameter tests on subcores, pumping test
+| <math> K_{fractures} </math> || <math> 0.6 - 5.4\ \text{m/s} </math> || matrix conductivity || determined from hydraulic aperture with cubic law
 |-
 | <math> Ap </math> || <math> 1 - 3\ \text{mm} </math> || typical hydraulic aperture of major horizontal fracture || pumping test, packer test